2021/9/12/ · Thermodynamically, a fermentation is an exergonic process with a free energy of ΔG°′ <−20 kJ/mol. ΔG° is defined for 1 M substrates and products, 10 5 Pa for gasses and at a temperature of 298 K. Under biological conditions, in dilute aqueous solutions (55.5 M H 2 O) and at pH 7.0, ΔG°′ is used.